Learning to teach english peter watkins pdf download

Magui Serri. Effective Teaching and Learning. Teacher's and Students' Perspectives. Popular in Behaviorism. Alison Cumbley. Dennis Bacani. Tim Ang. Ha Autumn.

Landscape and Urban Planning. Vol 57, No Pp NRK Danika Barker. Blaze Quiban. Harry Chriz. Whether conj. When you've seen one shopping centre, you've seen a mall. Make the table of your own to represent more mispronounced English words. To complete the activity surf the Internet and printed resourses. Use the words in the sentences of your own and be ready to transcribe them. Create a table that represents the main pronunciation mistakes of the Ukrainian and English languages.

Write a report on the topics: «What speaking skills must an ideal lecturer possess? Which of them did you like or dislike, and why? What are common pronunciation mistakes of Ukrainian learners of English in production of consonants? What are typical mistakes of Ukrainian learners in production of vowels? What are the best guides to correct spelling? Baker, A. Ship or Sheep? Besides, the functions of phonemes in all languages, including English and Ukrainian, are common. The main of these functions are: 1 The constitutive function, i.

The quantitative representation of consonant sounds and phonemes is different in either of the contrasted languages: in English their number is 24 and in Ukrainian — This knowledge is a good aid both in linguistic analysis and in language teaching; if the learner knows the speech basis of the foreign language it will be easier for him to learn the peculiarities of its sound system and master it.

Differences in the articulation basis of languages including those of English and Ukrainian have not been sufficiently investigated. But the most general and characteristic points of difference between the articulation basis of English and that of Ukrainian in the matter of lip and tongue positions is the general tendency toward retracted position in Ukrainian. In English the tongue in neutral position lies somewhat farther back than in Ukrainian while the tongue tip has a general tendency to move towards the teeth-ridge, whereas in Ukrainian it tends to move towards the upper front teeth.

The result is that most forelingual consonants are alveolar in English and dental in Ukrainian. Ukrainian students of English sometimes palatalize consonants before front and mixed vowels because of the habit of doing so in the native language. Most of English consonants are pronounced without palatalization.

English classification of vowels differs from those of Ukrainian. All English vowels with the exception of diphthongs are generally divided into long and short. The length of vowels influences the meaning of the word. English auxiliary verbs have weak and strong forms depending on whether they are stressed or unstressed.

Sometimes the weak form is a contraction. Yes, he was. Yes, we were. Yes, I can. Where have you been? Some prepositions also have weak and strong vowel sounds. In English the final consonants are strong in order to prevent the phonological mistakes. Oh, swing the king and swing the queen. Robert Rowley rolled a round roll round, A round roll Robert Rowley rolled round.

Read and study carefully the following. These sentences sound very unnatural. Rewrite them in more natural English with contractions where appropriate. Underline all auxiliaries and prepositions with weak vowel sounds. Write in bold all those with strong vowels. Example I do not want to see him, but I am sure you want to. Are you? Where were you? The following words end on -s. How do you pronounce this sound correctly? Write the words into the correct column: cars, boys, cages, clocks, scarves, watches, hats, boxes, baskets, rabbits.

The following words end on -ed. How do you pronounce this ending correctly: climbed, liked, cooked, moved, started, worked, showed, answered, waited, collected [t], [d] or [id]. How do you pronounce the -o- in the following words? Write the words into the correct column: sometimes, love, group, does, move, before, divorced, lots, cousin, afternoon. How do you pronounce the letter a in the following words correctly?

Write the words into the correct column: hat, travel, sad, card, dark, bad, stay, bank, garden, plane. A young man comes before a customs agent: A: "State your citizenship". B:"American" pronounced with a Spanish accent. A: "Hold on there, buddy. Say that again". B: "I sed American". A: "I'm going to give you a test". B: "No, no senor, no need for test, I tell you I"m American". A: "Yeah, sure buddy.

OK, let's see, I've got it. Make a sentence with the following colors: green, pink and yellow". B: "Oh senor, I tell you I'm American. But OK, let's see I was at my bruder-in-laws house and the phone went 'green, green, I pinked it up and sed yellow! Study the table «English phonetic system» and add 10 more words with transcription to every line of examples.

State why audience analysis is especially important for persuasive speaker. Discuss the role persuasion plays in a free society. Under what circumstances could persuasion be used for harmful purposes? Make presentation on the difference of pronunciation of Ukrainian and English sounds.

What are the main functions of phonemes in all languages? Why is it very important to know the peculiarities of the articulation basis of the foreign language studied and that of one's mother tongue?

What are the most general and characteristic points of difference between the articulation basis of English and Ukrainian languages? Why does English classification of vowels differ from those of Ukrainian? Comment on the main phonological differences of Ukrainian and English languages.

Bowen T. Laroy, C. Press, Naturally, peculiarities of the manners and customs of life in these countries caused new pronunciation aspects due to their geographical remoteness from the classical English. In order to be able to discuss the features of particular accents of English, it is useful to have one or more reference models to compare this accent to. For both of the major dialects of English, the British and the American one, such models exist.

However, one has to bear in mind that these models are not really, as is often assumed, based on features such as better intelligibility, etc. Furthermore, the English Language Teaching ELT and Language Testing industries have always had a major influence on the propagation of certain beliefs about which accents should be preferred over others.

British English. The term was originally coined by Daniel Jones and was supposed to reflect the speech of educated Southern schoolboys, i. A more recent and updated, but in parts slightly controversial, description by Clive Upton can be found in the Handbook of Varieties of English. American English. The reference accent for American English is called General American and is to some extent based on the speech of the more prestigious New England states, but also shows considerable variation.

It is therefore often rather defined as an accent with few or no particularly strong regional features. In the unit we consider only American English the form of English used in the United States that includes all English dialects used within the United States of America and British English variants the form of English used in the United Kingdom that includes all English dialects used within the United Kingdom as the most spread. In this manual we intend to give only a general draft of this question to let students get a general notion of it that is enough to help them deeper realize the nature of different English language phonetics phenomena.

The English language was first introduced to America by British colonization, beginning in the early 17th century. Over the past years, the form of the language used in America — especially in the United States — and that used in the British Isles have diverged in a few minor ways, leading to the dialects now occasionally referred to as American English and British English.

Differences between the two include pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary lexis , spelling, punctuation, idioms, formatting of dates and numbers, and so on, although the differences in written and most spoken grammar structure tend to be much more minor than those of other aspects of the language in terms of mutual intelligibility. A small number of words have completely different meanings between the two dialects or are even unknown or not used in one of the dialects.

This divergence between American English and British English once caused George Bernard Shaw to say that the United States and United Kingdom are «two countries divided by a common language»; a similar comment is ascribed to Winston Churchill.

Likewise, Oscar Wilde wrote, «We have really everything in common with America nowadays, except, of course, the language» The Canterville Ghost, Henry Sweet falsely predicted in , that within a century, American English, Australian English and British English would be mutually unintelligible. It may be the case that increased worldwide communication through radio, television, the Internet, and globalization has reduced the tendency to regional variation. This can result either in some variations becoming extinct for instance, the wireless, superseded by the radio or in the acceptance of wide variations as «perfectly good English» everywhere.

Often at the core of the dialect though, the idiosyncrasies remain. Nevertheless, it remains the case that although spoken American and British English are generally mutually intelligible, there are enough differences to cause occasional misunderstandings or at times embarrassment — for example, some words that are quite innocent in one dialect may be considered vulgar in the other.

Written forms of American and British English as found in newspapers and textbooks vary little in their essential features, with only occasional noticeable differences in comparable media comparing American newspapers to British newspapers, for example. This kind of formal English, particularly written English, is often called «standard English».

An unofficial standard for spoken American English has also developed, as a result of mass media and geographic and social mobility. It is typically referred to as «standard spoken American English» or «General American English», and broadly describes the English typically heard from network newscasters, commonly referred to as non-regional diction, although local newscasters tend toward more parochial forms of speech.

Despite this unofficial standard, regional variations of American English have not only persisted but have actually intensified, according to linguist William Labov.

Scholars have mapped at least four major regional variations of spoken American English: Northern, Southern, Midland, and Western. After the American Civil War, the settlement of the western territories by migrants from the east led to dialect mixing and levelling, so that regional dialects are most strongly differentiated in the eastern parts of the country that were settled earlier.

Localized dialects also exist with quite distinct variations, such as in Southern Appalachia and New York. The spoken forms of British English vary considerably, reflecting a long history of dialect development amid isolated populations. Dialects and accents vary not only between the countries in the United Kingdom, England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, but also within these individual countries.

There are also differences in the English spoken by different groups of people in any particular region. The BBC and other broadcasters now intentionally use a mix of presenters with a variety of British accents and dialects, and the concept of «proper English» is now far less prevalent.

Since the s regional accents have become increasingly accepted in mainstream media, and are frequently heard. It is the accent of Standard English in England with a relationship to regional accents similar to the relationship in other European languages between their standard varieties and their regional forms. RP is used to a much lesser extent in Scotland, Wales and Ireland. Until recently, RP English was widely considered to be more educated than other accents.

Although there is nothing intrinsic about RP that marks it as superior to any other variety, sociolinguistic factors have given Received Pronunciation particular prestige in England and Wales, especially since the early to mid 20th century. However, the expression had actually been used much earlier by Alexander Ellis in and Peter DuPonceau in the term used by Henry C.

Wyld in was «received standard». The word received conveys its original meaning of accepted or approved — as in «received wisdom». The reference to this pronunciation as Oxford English is because it was traditionally the common speech of Oxford University; the production of dictionaries gave Oxford University prestige in matters of language.

The extended versions of the Oxford English Dictionary give Received Pronunciation guidelines for each word. RP is an accent a form of pronunciation and a register, rather than a dialect a form of vocabulary and grammar as well as pronunciation. It may show a great deal about the social and educational background of a person who uses English. Anyone using RP will typically speak Standard English although the reverse is not necessarily true e.

RP is often believed to be based on the Southern accents of England, but it actually has most in common with the Early Modern English dialects of the East Midlands. This was the most populated and most prosperous area of England during the 14th and 15th centuries. By the end of the 15th century, «Standard English» was established in the City of London.

The modern style of RP is an accent often taught to non-native speakers learning British English. Non-RP Britons abroad may modify their pronunciation to something closer to Received Pronunciation in order to be understood better by people unfamiliar with the diversity of British accents.

They may also modify their vocabulary and grammar to be closer to Standard English, for the same reason. RP is often used as the standard for English in most books on general phonology and phonetics and is represented in the pronunciation schemes of most dictionaries published in the United Kingdom. Traditionally, Received Pronunciation was the «everyday speech in the families of Southern English persons whose men-folk had been educated at the great public boarding-schools» and which conveyed no information about that speaker's region of origin prior to attending the school.

Burrell, Recitation. In the 19th century, there were still British prime ministers who spoke with some regional features, such as William Ewart Gladstone. From the s onwards, attitudes towards Received Pronunciation have been changing slowly. One issue which also can not be altogether disregarded is the substantial difference between RP and the variants of English which are used by large groups of native speakers in the British Isles and elsewhere.

Finally, it needs to be stated that when it comes to the correct pattern of English pronunciation, one cannot afford to be totally dogmatic: there is room for variation even in the most rigid standard or RP. How much wood could Chuck Woods' woodchuck chuck, if Chuck Woods' woodchuck could and would chuck wood? If Chuck Woods' woodchuck could and would chuck wood, how much wood could and would Chuck Woods' woodchuck chuck?

Chuck Woods' woodchuck would chuck, he would, as much as he could, and chuck as much wood as any woodchuck would, if a woodchuck could and would chuck wood. Through three cheese trees three free fleas flew. While these fleas flew, freezy breeze blew. Freezy breeze made these three trees freeze. Freezy trees made these trees' cheese freeze. That's what made these three free fleas sneeze.

Also the suffix -ization. Also the prefixes anti-, multi-, semi- in loose compounds e. The British pronunciation occurs in America, more commonly for the verb than the noun, still more in derivatives buoyant, buoyancy. In AmE the word is usually spelled inquiry. The two BrE pronunciations may represent distinct meanings for some speakers; for example, «a subter- ranean garage for a car» 1 vs «a petrol garage» 2.

Standard Canadian pronunciation is the same as the British. American spelling is usually simpler. For example, British English words ending in -our and -re, end in -or and -er in American English, e. There are differences in individual words, too, e.

British «plough» becomes «plow». If you saw words spelt in the following way would you expect the writer in each case to be British or American?

Comment how the joke can be related to studying English and the difficulties one can have in case of misunderstanding. NOTE: The hilarious English one often hears in various parts of the world is due chiefly to the uncertain logic, not of the speakers, but mostly of English itself.

English Language in its usage has led to some wonderful true to life anecdotes. Even when grammatical, they are uproariously incorrect. The jokes are as much on English as they are on the non-native speakers. Read is one of them and decide how the inscription should be changed to sound right: Hotel brochure, Italy: This hotel is renowned for its piece and solitude.

In fact, crowds from all over the world flock here to enjoy its solitude. Consider the reasons that make some people believe that the USA and British English are two different languages. Try to guess why British people prefer to insist on that.

Can you prove that sometimes two people may misunderstand each other or even understand nothing if they are from distant regions of Ukraine. What may be the reasons for that? Comparison of American and British English: word derivation and compounds. Canadian English. RP: a social accent of English. Summarize what you have just learned about differences of the USA and British English phonetics and pronunciation. What are the historical reasons for such different ways of development of originally the same language?

Bauer, L. Henton, C. Hughes, A. Hughes, P. Knowles, G. Palatalization Vowel length. Vowels are capable of being continued during a longer or shorter period. In the similarly accented position all English vowels are fully long when they are final, eg. They are almost as long as that when a weak voiced consonant follows them in the closed syllable, eg. They are considerably shorter before strong voiceless consonants in closed syllables, eg. All English vowels are longer when they are strongly stressed and when they are in the nuclear syllable, eg.

It is the quality or state of being palatalized, producing a sound with the front of the tongue against or near the hard palate the roof of the mouth, separating the mouth cavity from the nasal cavity. Palatalization is a place assimilatory process in which consonants assimilate to a following in the case of a regressive assimilation or to the preceding in the case of the progressive assimilation front vowel or palatal glide i. The most common triggers of palatalization are the front vowels.

In Ukrainian, it is only front vowels but not mid vowels that cause a change. In Russian, both the front and the mid vowels and the palatal glide affect the consonants. In Polish and Proto-Slavonic, it is the front vowels and the palatal glide that trigger palatalization of consonants. In English, however, the only trigger is the palatal glide.

Targets of palatalization are either all consonants, as in Ukrainian, Russian, and Polish Surface Palatalization, or only velars, as in Proto-Slavonic, or only coronals, as in English. This usually happens under the influence of an adjacent front vowel and or a palatal glide e.

As such, palatalization is a type of consonant-vowel interactions. The term may also refer to a phonemic contrast between consonants with secondary palatal articulation and their non-palatalized counterparts e. However, many formal accounts of palatalization undertaken over the last forty years have faced considerable challenges. These challenges partly stem from the fact that palatalization processes show a wide range of manifestations — across languages and within a given language.

Many synchronic palatalization processes also exhibit complex phonological and morphological conditioning and pervasive opacity effects, reflecting complicated historical sound changes and paradigmatic restructuring. English, in fact, has at least three kinds of alternations that fall under the general definition of palatalization processes. In these examples, the palato-alveolars occur before a palatal glide in an unstressed syllable , while alveolars occur elsewhere.

The coronal alternants are found before certain Latinate or Greek suffixes beginning with mainly front vowels; the velar alternants are found elsewhere 2. Unlike coronal palatalization, this process is more complex, as it actually involves two non-identical changes — a shift of the voiced velar stop to the palato-alveolar affricate and a shift of the voiceless velar stop to the alveolar fricative.

The latter segment occurs before suffixes with an unsyllabified [i] 3 , and thus process is assumed to involve a change of stop to fricative before high front vowel Borowsky As such, the process does not involve a change in place of articulation, but a change in continuancy and sibilancy 3.

The targets of palatalization are anterior coronals alveolars in 1 and 3 , and dorsals in 2. The outputs are posterior coronals palato-alveolars in 1 and 2b and anterior coronals in 2a and 3.

The triggers are [j] in 1 and high front vowels in 2 and 3. The processes are also obviously different in terms of their phonological or morphological conditioning: morpheme boundaries, particular suffixes, stress, etc. What the processes have in common, however, is that they appear to be triggered by front vocoids and result in coronal segments, notably, all sibilants. Three crooked cripples went through Cripple gate, and through Cripple gate went three crooked cripples.

We wonder whether the wether will weather the weather. Or whether the weather the wether will kill? Some words have two pronunciations, each with one or more different meanings. Look at the words in your column, write the two pronunciations in phonemic script and either a definition or sample sentence to show each meaning.

Group words together according to a vowel sound they have in common: cat-cut-curt; door-doe-dog; ear-wear-tea; son-gone-don't; want-car-war; where-were-red. Is the sound -u- short or long? Write the words into the correct column: butcher, fuse, good, pudding, Tuesday, cook, zoo, blue, school, rude. My student who did not speak much English wanted to impress me one day.

She had to walk past me while I was talking to someone. She said, "Excuse me, can I pass away? Discuss the tone of voice that should be maintained in the following kinds of speeches: introduction, presentation, and acceptance.

Are there any marked differences? Old English palatalization. What is palatalization? Dalton, Ch. Dalton, B. Mitchell, A. Vachek, J. There is often a significant difference between the way words are pronounced in isolation and the way they are pronounced in the context of connected speech also known as: connected discourse.

The precise form that these influences take is determined by the particular language in question, and so the phonology of connected speech is part of the phonology of the language that the child has to master.

The Handbook of Clinical Linguistics, ed. Ball, Michael R. Perkins, Nicole Muller, and Sara Howard. If words wereprinted with out space sbetween them they would bepretty tough toread.

As you recognize, sorting out the individual words would not be easy. Actually, the task is even more difficult than the run- together words in the printed sentence might suggest because the letters in the sentence above are discrete and separated from one another, but the individual sound segments in spoken words blend together into a continuous stream».

Stress position may vary for one of two reasons: either as a result of the stress on other words occurring next to the word in question, or because not all speakers agree on the placement of stress in some words. The former case is an aspect of connected speech. Importantly, connected speech processes are optional. The first type is what is also known as liaison and effectively represents a kind of resyllabification, where the final coda consonant of the first word becomes the onset of the first syllable of the next word.

An example for this can be seen in the illustration below, which demonstrates the resyllabification of at all. We can either give the second word a glottal onset, in which case we interrupt the flow of speech, or we can insert a linking element in the shape of a semi-vowel.

When we do break the flow, this is also referred to as creating a hiatus, from the Latin word for gap. Conversely, if we link the two elements, we speak of avoiding the hiatus. Try to find further examples of this type of linking.

Reduction Reduction is a historical process of weakening, shortening or disappearance of vowel sounds in unstressed positions. Has PDF. Publication Type. More Filters. Purgason: Article Review. Being a teacher can indeed be a demanding and challenging job. To be a successful teacher, one needs to know how to deal with various setbacks and occupational hazards like stress, brimming schedule, … Expand.

Abstract Teachers play e key role in the process of teaching. In this article it is tried to focus on some of the most important roles that the teacher of English language plays during the difficult … Expand. Literary literacy : why read literary texts in the English Language classes? The objective of this presentation is to be a starting point for a discussion on the importance of reading literary texts in the English language classes as well as on the need and methods to improve … Expand.

The aims of the study are to know whether communicative games have an impact on teaching speaking skill and describe how communicative games give an influence on speaking skills of students at junior … Expand.

This work serves as a useful resource to teach pronunciation courses or to improve the quality of English for Primary Teachers This book is an easy to use introduction to teaching English to children in elementary grades.