Experiencing mis pdf download

The result is motivated employees, satisfied One of the most popular competitive strategies today is customers, and reduced costs. Reengineering is the fundamental 2. BPR combines a strategy of promoting business complicate their Information Technology environment.

It is innovation with a strategy of making major improvements to our belief that Information Technology should not and does business processes so that a company can become a much not need to be complicated.

We believe organizations should stronger and more successful competitor in the marketplace. This clear throughout the organization. Are they taking too much time to complete? Is the quality of the outcome being compromised? In reality, block, there is no chance of success. Without such a system, it is not possible to keep a check on commitment from management and the employees.

Before setting out on a Bringing people onboard is a difficult task and many BPR radical BPR activity, it is vital to set in place information initiatives never take off because enough effort is not put systems that can deal with the magnitude of the change. A failure at a process. There needs to be an openness towards studying testing stage should never be implemented at a larger scale. Information Technology And Competitive Adapting the organization: Managing change brought about Advantage by BPR activities is the final effort towards a successful project.

It is achieving the IT-Business competitive advantage are often a high risk activity that involves monetary investment reduced. In is essential to have buy in all the way from top management down and it should The strategic role of information systems involves using have a broad functional scope. As with all activities it This creates strategic information systems, information runs the risk of failure [4].

Through Volume 3 Issue 12, December www. The value chain concept helps a company evaluate how to use information technology strategically. By leveraging on the Internet technologies, organizations could also create a value web or a hub structure, both of them look at improving the efficiency and the effectiveness of value chain and Volume 3 Issue 12, December www.

Framework For Competitive Analysis Establish new business linkages and alliances with customers, suppliers, competitors, According to Michael Porter, a firm can survive and succeed Alliance consultants and other companies mergers, Strategies in the long run if it successfully develops strategies to acquisitions, joint ventures, forming virtual confront five competitive forces that shape the structure of companies, etc.

These include: On the other hand, IT affects the rate of new entry into 1 Rivalry of competitors within its industry industries by raising the barrier to delay competitor entry by 2 Threat of new entrants providing new service or product features that appeal to 3 Threat of substitutes customers.

For example, in the banking industry, IT-based 4 Bargaining power of customers access to banking services has seriously eroded the 5 Bargaining power of suppliers traditional entry barriers enjoyed by many branch offices. In the distribution industry, IT has created new entry barriers Porter advanced the idea that competition in any industry is by requiring investment in extensive computer and rooted in its principal economic structure, so that it is more telecommunication networks that are used to control costs in than a superficial game of moves and countermoves among large-scale multiplication distribution facilities.

In effect, IT participating firms. This approach is reflected in the has created a new scale- economy barrier which the new framework he proposed to explain; i. By introducing a new competitive weapon into various settings, As IT impacts the products, services, or operations of a IT sparks outbreaks of firm warfare. For example, recently, business, it may change the relationship between an industry ICICI bank has introduced TV banking and i-zone to serve and its suppliers.

When industries become much more dependent upon IT, the 6. Conclusion bargaining power of the IT supplier will become an important force for a firm to consider planning strategy. It Information technology can change the way businesses also changes the level of sophistication of some industries' compete. For this reason, you should view information suppliers.

For example, buyers in the banking industry can now choose products and services from several channels. The buyer- The evidence also suggests that turning investment in ICT industry relationship has been fundamentally changed by into higher productivity is not straightforward.

It typically Volume 3 Issue 12, December www. Developing human capital, organizational change and innovation. Countries with a Review: Information technology and organizational business environment that enables this process of creative performance: An integrative model of IT business destruction may be better able to seize benefits from ICT value.

Essential and critical information systems management skills including using information systems for competitive advantages, planning and evaluating information systems, developing and implementing information systems, and managing information systems operation form a critical part of this unique reference text. Current topics like digital platforms, agile organization, DevOPs, blockchain, 5G, data center and quantum computing prove indispensable for readers who want to stay in the forefront of today's complex information systems.

Author : Jun Xu Publisher: World Scientific ISBN: Category: Computers Page: View: Read Now » In the world of internet, wide adoption of computing devices dramatically reduces storage costs with easy access to huge amount of data, thus posing benefits and challenges to e-business amongst organizations.

This unique compendium covers current status and practices of e-business among organizations, their challenges and future directions. It also includes studies of different perspectives and markets of e-business. However, there are vital rising concerns regarding the possible consequences of deploying artificial intelligence, sophisticated robotic technologies, automated vehicles, self-managing supply modes, and blockchain economies on business performance and culture, including how to sustain a supportive business culture and to what extent a strategic fit between human-robot collaboration in a business ecosystem can be created.

The Handbook of Research on Strategic Fit and Design in Business Ecosystems is a collection of innovative research that builds a futuristic view of evolving business ecosystems and a deeper understanding of business transformation processes in the new digital business era.

Featuring research on topics such as cultural hybridization, Industry 4. The study begins with a detailed examination of ERP features that highlights the advantages and disadvantages of ERP adoption. Critical success factors for ERP implementation and post-implementation are then discussed, along with the capabilities of ERP in driving the alignment between management accounting and financial accounting information.

Critical success factors for BI implementation are then presented, along with the BI maturity model and lifecycle. The practical and theoretical implications of the study are discussed and future avenues of research are suggested. This book will be of value for all those who have an interest in the capacities of ERP and BI systems to enhance business information quality.

An in-depth exploration of how businesses successfully manage information In its Fourteenth Edition, Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm continues to define courses in Management Information Systems.

Perreault 18 Solution Manual. Perreault 18 Test Bank. Bush 3 Test Bank. Barusch 4 Test Bank. Brooks, Paul Dunn 6 Instructor's Manual. Brooks, Paul Dunn 6 Test Bank. Lehman, Debbie D. DuFrene 16 Instructor's Manual. Pankof, Julia Panko 8 Test Bank. Velasquez 7 Instructor's Manual with Test Bank. Steiner 13 Instructor's Manual. Steiner 13 Test Bank. Beatty 5 Instructor's Manual. Beatty 5 Test Bank. Mann, Barry S. Roberts 10 Instructor's Manual.

Roberts 10 Test Bank. Revelle 2 Solution Manual. Blitzer 3 Instructor's Solution Manual. Seiler,Lincoln Melissa L. Beall 8 Test Bank. Sebesta 9 Instructor's Solutions Manaul.

Babin, Eric Harris Instructor's Manual. Babin, Eric Harris Test Bank. Cheeseman 7 Instructor's Manual. Cheeseman 7 Test Bank. Boone Instructor's Manual. Mowen Solution Manual. Mowen Test Bank. Ehrhardt, Eugene F. Brigham 2 Solution Manual.

Brigham 2 Test Bank. Pratt Solution Manual. Pratt Test Bank. Horngren 14 Solution Manual. Horngren 14 Instructor's Manual. Boardman 3 Solution Manual. Gilbert 8 Instructor's Manual with Tests.

Robbins 6 Instructor's Manual with Test Bank. Christian Albright 4 Solution Manual. Christian Albright 4 Cases Solutions. Mannino 3 Solution Manual. Breyer, Kenneth J. Fridley 6 Solution Manual. Couch, Leon W. Roth 2 Instructor's Solution Manual. Coulouris, J. Dollimore Solution Manual. Dollimore and T.

Kindberg 5 Solution Manual. Mishkin 9 Solution Manual. Mishkin 9 Test Bank. May, Gordon S. Norbury Solution Manual. Felder Solution Manual.

Barringer, Duane Ireland 4 Test Bank. Kuratko 8 Instructor's Manual. Kuratko 8 Test Bank. Copley 9 Solution Manual. Copley 9 Test Bank. Copley 10 Solution Manual. Copley 10 Test Bank. Reimers 2 Solution Manual. Text and Cases by Schroeder 10 Solution Manual.

Text and Cases by Schroeder 10 Test Bank. Warren, James M. Reeve 9 Instructor's Manual. Reeve 9 Solution Manual. Reeve 9 Test Bank. Brigham, Michael C. To the left side of a diphthong. Blackheath loophole pinhole manorhouse This can look similar to two vowel signs written together e. This hook is only used for inh- instr- inskr- The hook does not need vocalising, as the vowel is included in the meaning of the hook.

The use of such an abrupt change of direction is always kept to an absolute minimum in the rules of Pitman's Shorthand. Whichever method is used to write the Hay, the final shape is always the same, i.

In the first two, the letter R is not sounded at all, the vowel is the same as that in "wool". Not used if the word begins with a vowel. Never omitted unless it is replaced by the medial semicircle in a compound word or phrase. A vowel on that side counts as coming after the Ar: wear era arrow Final "-ward" "-wort" "-wart" are often represented by halved Way in compound words. It represents the W sound plus the following vowel sound, and replaces that vowel sign — it is written in the same place against the stroke as the vowel sign would occupy.

Never used initially or finally in an outline. May be omitted in fast writing in the same way as vowel signs are, as long as the outline remains readable and not ambiguous.

If in doubt, it is safer to write it in. This is the same direction as the short forms "with" "when" which are both dot vowels.

This is the same direction as the short forms "what" "would" which are both dash vowels. Mnemonic: you begin writing this one in the same direction as you write a horizontal dash vowel i. The medial semicircle is occasionally called the "W diphthong" in some older books, reflecting the fact that it is made up of only vowels, even though sometimes it does the job of a consonant when it begins a syllable.

As it requires some thought to decide when it is safe to use the medial semicircle instead of stroke Way, it is best to practice as many examples as possible, so that no hesitation occurs during dictation, hence the lengthy but not exhaustive list below. The resultant outline must be unambiguous even when the semicircle is not written in. For the compound words, I have given the root word in the "compare" line.

This allows the outline to reflect the words that the compound word is made from, making the outline more legible: memoir homework i.

Shorthand instruction books describe the strokes Hway and Hwel as representing "WH" and "WHL" which is referring to longhand and not to the sounds. It is better to associate the strokes with the sounds they represent, and treat the longhand spelling as a separate matter entirely.

Even though many people do not pronounce the H, you should still learn the different forms because of their usefulness in providing distinguishing outlines and because the longhand still needs to be spelled correctly regardless of popular pronunciation. Outlines should be consistent and not change to reflect people's differing pronunciation.

This is not an additional hook to give an additional sound. It is therefore best to learn the stroke as a whole without mentally taking it apart into its constituent sounds. These two strokes are therefore not compound consonants. Never written downwards. These two hooks add their sound to the Ell in the same way that Circle S adds its consonant before a stroke i. The aim is to keep related words looking similar, and have distinctive outlines for words that may have the same consonant structure but a different spread of vowels or different derivation.

Top of page Phrases and compound words Whichever form of W is used in the basic outline, this may change to one of the other methods when the word becomes part of a phrase or compound word. The main consideration is the ease of the join, producing a speedy and reliable outline, but the resultant outline must be easy to read back, even when vowels and unattached signs are omitted.

It is seldom necessary to insert any of the unattached semicircles when writing phrases, but they are shown in some of the examples, so that you know where the signs belong. Stroke Way replaced by medial semicircle. They also need to have a semicircle at all times, whether attached or unattached, because in phrases or compound words they could be read as "man" "men".

The phrase "men and women" is common enough to remain unvocalised, but in other phrases vowels may be necessary to show whether these words are singular or plural. The verb "will" in phrases is represented by a plain upward Ell and the semicircle is not necessary — it is always very clear what is meant and to insert it would defeat the purpose of the phrase, which is to gain speed. When "will" is used as a noun, it can take the semicircle, if felt necessary: will, I will, he will, that you will be, if he will have but goodwill freewill "Were" in phrases takes whatever form is easiest to write.

Again, the meaning is always clear because the word groupings involved are so common, and medial semicircle or vowel signs need not be written: were, you were, they were "Well" in phrases does take a medial semicircle, but is easily omitted without losing clarity: well, very well, so well Rather than hesitate over semicircles during a dictation, you should use full strokes or write the two halves of the outline separately and then find out the correct outline later.

Even in longhand there is often a question over whether to write something as two words, a hyphenated word or one word. Writing a longer outline or two outlines is far preferable to hesitating and losing the next few words. Making an awkward join, when separate outlines would be more readable and reliable, is also a hindrance. However, joining or not joining can indicate different uses of the same two words, shown up by where the emphasis falls in the sentence underlined.

In the second of each of the sentences below, joining the outlines would be inappropriate and make the shorthand awkward to read back: I saw the cat-walk. I saw the cat walk. This person is trustworthy. We can trust Worthy to do the job. We arrived last week. His last weak excuse was not accepted. Short Form Why This sign is unlike any other. Prior to the Centenary version of Pitman's Shorthand in , this was the sign for the W or HW plus the "eye" sound, as in "wife" "Wight" "white", and also the short form "why" that we still use.

It behaved like the W semicircle — sometimes joined initially to certain strokes, sometimes unattached medially. Longhand often uses the letter W to indicate a long vowel. To continue the direction of curve of the preceding or next stroke, or its hook or circle, i. Make a legible join with the next stroke in the outline. This may necessitate ignoring the rule of similar motion.

With certain strokes, to differentiate between words that have an initial or final vowel and those that do not. Vowel indication only occurs in cases where both directions of Ell are equally convenient.

Some of the words naturally fall into pairs e. An initial downwards Ell cannot take an initial circle or loop. Note the placing of the vowel signs against the Ell: first place vowels are written at the beginning of the stroke, which with downwards Ell is at the top. In such cases it is behaving similarly to stroke Chay. This does not produce an ideal join to the Ell shallow angle, and both strokes going backwards but does allow similar motion between the En and Ell.

Presumably the thickness of Jay helps readability despite the poor join compare with "unlatch" below. Ell used in phrases for "will" is normally upwards.

Special outlines London Londoner Londonderry but generally thus: Landon Linton After small Shun Hook, follow the motion — most of them have downward Ell: sensational positional conversational transitional compensational Top of page e These not only continue the motion, but also produce compact outlines with clear sharp joins film fulminate volume voluminous vellum Velma realm column columnar calumny Coleman calamity coulomb calamine columbine Colombo Columbus skulk skullcap but skulker onlooker to join the Ker helterskelter compare skelter scolder scalder — one might expect upwards Ell in the second part of "helterskelter" in order to retain the direction of the circle, but compactness is more important here.

For compactness: unwarlike mirrorlike lawyerlike Compare warlike warily rarely relic Top of page 2. Clear join with preceding or next stroke Downwards Ell does not always make a good join with the following stroke, or may produce an outline with too much backward movement, so in some cases the rule of similar motion cannot be used.

With some of the words beginning "-un" this has the incidental advantage of retaining the outlines they are derived from: inlaid unlaid unled unload unladen unladylike unlatch unlearn unlovable unleavened unleash unlettered unlighted unlikelihood unlaboured unlabelled unsullied insulted unsling enslave unsaleable facile but facility fuselage fossilology footslog Note distinguishing outlines: unsold unsoiled unsold has the shorter outline as it is the most frequent word; outlines with diphthongs very often keep the strokes in full Hook L is used in a few instances even though vowels may intervene where it produces a brief and distinctive outline that cannot clash with anything else more such outlines on Theory 7 Hooks R L page : analytic enliven molecule Top of page 3.

Vowel indication For initial and final Ell, and only with certain strokes, different in each case. Vowel indication never occurs medially — medial Ell is chosen only for convenience and to a lesser degree to show derivatives. Downward Ell standing alone never takes a hook, as this would look like stroke Wel. Normal upwards Ell is used, which also achieves similar motion: scrawl scrawly scroll scrolly secretly The rule for final vowel indication is stretched to include these: actual actually structural structurally artistical artistically fantastical fantastically statistical statistically logistical logistically egotistical egotistically These follow similar motion, but do not vary for final vowel indication: intellectual intellectually conjectural conjecturally electoral Note: electorial When a suffix is adding another L sound to a word that already ends in L, the outline repeats the Ell, to reflect the lengthened pronunciation.

Only an extra final dot is needed: weasel weaselly tinsel tinselly It is always helpful to insert the final vowel sign if the outline itself does not show whether there is a final vowel or not. A small number of words with halved strokes take a downward Ell to achieve similar motion with the preceding curve, hook or circle. Such words generally do not come in pairs like "full fully" and so similar motion is the only issue: completely boldly bloodless softly swiftly exactly adequately worldly Compare proudly broadly sprightly strictly contritely where the normal upward Ell achieves similar motion as a matter of course.

Note also short form coldly. Top of page Derivatives Some derivative outlines may change the direction of the stroke Ell. In those cases the Ell is repeated. This section on negatives points up the necessity for shorthand writers to have a good grasp of how English words are formed and their meanings.

These and similar negatives are also described on Theory 18 Prefixes page. This is the same liberty that is being taken when the first place "I" diphthong is joined to the end of the stroke e. The short form includes the L sound, so no stroke Ell is required: almost always all-wise all-round all-rounder almighty already although altogether all-important all-in Top of page Downstroke Ler Downward Ell is thickened to add the unaccented sound of "-er".

It is it is only used where a downward Ell would normally be used, i. No vowel sign is required for the unaccented vowel within it. The stroke Ld is always written downwards.

No vowel comes between the L and D sounds, and no vowel comes after it. Ray joins better in most combinations. It is faster to write than Ar and, because there are more downstrokes than upstrokes in Pitman's Shorthand, using Ray keeps a large number of outlines from descending too far. If the vowel calls for Ar, it is used where it joins well, mainly before horizontal or upstrokes: barely bearskin Brierley terseness tiresome tireless sparsely scarcely securely doorman determine similarly requirement diurnal angular binocular Ar is sometimes used before a right clockwise curve to gain a more flowing outline, despite a vowel following it: quarrel squirrel flourish aneurism neural neuralgia but neurotic neurosis Top of page 3.

A non-standard suggested contraction could be to disjoin or intersect stroke En with "surmountable" and write in 3rd position. Before Kay Gay vowel indication is often possible: fork ferric forego farrago cork Carrick cargo Garrick clerk cleric lark lyric Sark cirque sarcasm circus circuit stark Syriac Syracuse sirocco stearic resurrect insurrection Top of page 5.

Keeping them in your vocabulary notebook whenever they are encountered is helpful, so they can be practised further. After 2 downstrokes use Ray to keep the outline from descending too far: prepare despair disappear aspire stapler taxpayer ratepayer horse-power proposer trespasser Shakespeare occasionally Shakespere babbler troubler butler splutterer totterer chatterer hairdresser discoverer ditherer tax-gatherer treasurer bookstore downstairs upstairs endorser brigadier bugbear blusterer pesterer plasterer Note: fosterer to avoid awkward join After Eff and Vee, Ar gives a more facile outline, which outweighs having 3 downstrokes: pacifier testifier defier decipherer justifier exemplifier baffler trifler muffler shuffler shoveller Top of page 2.

The resulting join between Ray and Ar is not ideal, so care is needed to write accurately: rarer roarer hurrier hairier abhorrer adherer but horror horary Note the following where the hook or circle shows the junction: harasser rehearse rehearser resorter referrer reverter heronry hero-worship The above outlines need not invade the line above, because they are written at a shallow angle.

Invading the line above is not critical, because that line is already written; descending too far is more to be avoided because you will have to jump over the lower part of that outline when writing on the next line. Top of page 7. This is in contrast to single syllable derivatives, which generally change their form as necessary e. Pairs of such outlines need to be distinctive as most of the time they will be unvocalised. This is achieved by changing the R stroke if possible, or adding an additional R stroke.

This method is only concerned with producing pairs of different outlines and avoiding bad joins, not with showing the meaning of the prefix or any attempt to reflect the two R's in the longhand: 1. Change Ray to Ar, this accords with normal vowel indication: relevant irrelevant replaceable irreplaceable retrievable irretrievable religious irreligious 2. If the Ray cannot be changed because a bad join would result, then add Ar to the beginning.

No vowel sign comes between the two R strokes: radiate irradiate reclaimable irreclaimable redeemable irredeemable reducible irreducible rational irrational 3. If unsure about an "irr-" word during dictation, add the extra initial Ar anyway, whether it is correct or not — it will be perfectly legible. Avoiding hesitation during dictation is the highest priority, but the outline should be looked up and drilled at the first opportunity, so that you are always using the shortest outline available.

R not shown Suffixes -ward -wort -wart -yard. These are unvocalised when used as suffixes. See Theory 10 Halving page for description and examples. Only the hooked form can be halved. When no vowel follows, the P is hardly sounded. It is therefore omitted and a halved Em is used to represent the M P T sound. This reflects the pronunciation and produces a shorter outline.

Do not be misled by the final "-ed" in the longhand spelling, the pronunciation is always the T sound. The compound sound MBD i. With such words you could use stroke Imp if you wanted, but your outline would not match the theory book or the dictionary. You cannot however use a thickened halved Em, because that is not available, being already used to represent plain MD.

What people say when they are speaking carefully may be entirely different from their pronunciation in actual fast usage. Top of page 2. A lone stroke, thickened, halved and with shun hook is too indistinct to be reliable. The two strokes shown above represent identical sounds, and which to use depends on the convenience of the join.

If the word is derived from one that uses a hook i. Top of page Finally 1. The reason for this is not explained, but I am assuming it is to provide an extra differentiation between the two strokes.

A non-theory suggestion would be to write "fiendish" with the Ish through the line. Compare with "misshape" above. If all the curves went the same way, the outline would be difficult to read and become illegible when written at speed. Top of page Words of non-English origin Words of French origin often pronounce their longhand "ch" with the Ish sound, although the rest of the word generally accords with English pronunciation.

If you used Ish you would then have to change the past tenses to much longer outlines with full stroke Dee. SK: schema scholar schizophrenia schizanthus scherzo schism ischiatic eschatology scholium schooner Pasch paschal CH: escheat eschew kitsch klatsch 1. The dot represents the whole of the syllable — do not write an extra stroke M or N just because the longhand has two of that letter.

The con dot is not omitted in the way that vowel dots are omitted at will. With some stroke combinations chiefly after Pee Bee Tee Dee it may be possible to also indicate the vowel of the second part by writing that in position as well, but not at the expense of keeping the two close together.

Disjoining: writing the parts of an outline near to each other because a they cannot be joined satisfactorily, or b detaching a portion of the outline to signify another suffix, e. Its name reflects the fact that the parts would be joined if they could, or were joined to start with. When using proximity, the outlines take their position from the first vowel of the word, as normal. In the following, the initial prefix is the first up or downstroke, so that is the one that takes its rightful position in regard to the line.

The second half of the outline can also be in position according to its vowel, but only if a convenient outline results: decompose decompression decontaminate discontinue discomfort disconnect disconcerting ill-concealed ill-conceived ill-considered malcontent overconfident overcompensate preconceive preconception precondition recompense recommend recommendation reconcile reconnoitre recondite recombine recondition reconsider reconstruct recommit reconnect recommence subconscious subcommittee subcontract subcontinent well-conducted well-constructed well-connected well-concealed Top of page In the following, the initial prefix is a horizontal stroke.

The first up or downstroke comes somewhere after the con-, so that is the stroke that is written in position in regard to the line. Unlike the "medial con" words listed above, the con- word in such phrases must retain its correct position in regard to the ruled line. Sometimes the con- word cannot be placed clearly in the combination and is better written with the con dot: Clear combination: should commend, and command, on the committee, beyond the control Needs dot: should command, and commend, on the connection, beyond control, would complete When a vowel-sign short forms is part of a phrase, then proximity can be used because the con- word is being written near a stroke rather than just a floating dot or dash: for the conditions, in the committee, for all consumers, if you would consider Compare: The conditions The committee All consumers would consider If you decide to leave a larger-than-usual space between outlines in order to signify your future punctuation in the transcript, then clearly proximity is not possible.

It would not be appropriate anyway because it should only be used for words that run on easily as per normal phrasing rules and not where there is a natural gap or pause. As shorthand speed is helped by having reasonably compact notes rather than sprawling ones, it is important that only the clearest proximity phrases are used. When in doubt, retain the dot for the con- word rather than risk a hesitation or unclear notes. Alternatives are given here because the shorthand dictionary does not reflect current pronunciation.

The prefix is joined only for "accommodation" and "accomplish" as those outlines are distinctive enough not to be mistaken for other words. As they are both nouns, adding Circle S to the short form would be ambiguous.

Top of page "Magnetism" etc in compound words: the contraction should not be joined, as that would not be clear. If the Em can be joined to the stroke before it, then use it for the "magne-" prefix.

Writing in full as shown is preferable to using the contraction, in order to avoid ambiguities about the endings, see asterisked note on "magnetics" above. If the magn- ends with any vowel other than the short ones shown above, it is written using full strokes, and these are not prefixes anyway: magnum magnate magnolia magnesium magnesian magnesia magnesic An exception to the above rule is "magneto".

The "magnet" words are derived from Magnesia, a region in Greece where magnetic rocks were first discovered in ancient history. Top of page 4. As the outlines need to remain unvocalised for speed purposes and their position may not always be clearly written, repeating or changing the stroke is the most reliable way to ensure the difference is always obvious.